### Navigate Overview Features Example Assignment Memory Keywords The editor Instructions ALERT ASKFILE CALL CLS CURSOR CURSCHAR CURSCOL CURSPOS DELETE DO END FOR GETKEY GOSUB GOTO IF INCLUDE INK INPUT LEN LISTBOX LOAD MOVE NEXT NUMBER PAGE PAUSE PEEK POKE PORT PRINT RAND READ REM RENAME RETURN SAVE SERIAL SIZE SOUND STRING WAITKEY Samples Hex dumper MikeTron File uppercaser Extra Help License | # The MikeOS BASIC App Developer Handbook ### For version 4.3, 24 February 2012 - (C) MikeOS Developers This documentation file explains how to write software for MikeOS using the BASIC interpreter built into the operating system. If you have any questions, see the MikeOS website for contact details and mailing list information. Click the links on the left to navigate around this guide. ## Overview ### Features The MikeOS BASIC interpreter runs a simple dialect of the BASIC programming language. There are commands for taking input, handling the screen, performing nested loops, loading/saving files, and so forth. You will find a full list of the included instructions later in this document. Here are the essentials you need to know. Numeric variables -- These are A to Z, each storing one positive integer word (ie 0 to 65535). The R and S variables have special roles with LOAD and SAVE commands, as explained in the instruction list below. String variables -- These are $1 to $8, each 128 bytes long. Arrays -- You can use string variables as arrays via the PEEK and POKE commands. For instance, X = & $1 places the memory location of the $1 string variable into X. You can then put data into it with eg POKE 77 X (put 77 into the memory location pointed to by X). Labels -- Such as box_loop: etc. Used by GOTO and GOSUB, they must have a trailing colon and be at the start of a line. Ending -- Programs must finish with an END statement. GOSUB calls can be nested up to ten times. FOR loops can be nested using different variables (eg you can have a FOR X = 1 TO 10 ... NEXT X loop surrounding a FOR Y = 30 TO 50 loop). You can enter code in uppercase or lowercase -- the interpreter doesn't mind either way. However, labels are case-sensitive. If a MikeOS BASIC program is run from the command line, and one or more parameters was provided with the command, they are copied into the $1 string when the program starts. ### Example Here's a small example program demonstrating various common features:
    rem *** MikeOS BASIC example program ***

    alert "Welcome to the example!"
    cls

    print "Let's skip the next 'print' line..."
    goto jump

    print "This line will never be printed :-("

    jump:
    print "Righto, now enter a number:"
    input x

    if x > 10 then print "X is bigger than 10! Wow!"
    if x < 10 then print "X is quite small actually."
    if x = 10 then gosub equalsroutine

    a = 7
    b = a / 2
    print "Variable A is seven here. Divided by two you get:"
    print b
    print "And the remainder of that is:"
    b = a % 2
    print b

    print "A quick loop here..."
    for c = 1 to 10
      print c
    next c

    print "Righto, that's the end! Bye!"
    end

    equalsroutine:
      print "Awesome, a perfect 10! Give me your name so I can high-five you!"
      input $1
      print "Top work, " ;
      print $1
    return
This example should be mostly self-explanatory. You can see that the subroutine is indented with spaces, but that's not necessary if you don't want it. You can follow IF ... THEN with any other instruction. Regarding this part:
      print "Top work, " ;
      print $1
The space and semi-colon character (;) after the quoted string tells the interpreter not to print a newline after the string. So here, we print the user's name on the same line. You can do this with numerical variables as well, eg PRINT X ; etc. See the Samples section at the end for more demonstration programs. ### Assignment The following are valid ways to assign numeric variables in MikeOS BASIC:
    a = 10
    a = b
    a = b + 10
    a = b + c
    a = b - 10
    a = b - c
    a = b * 10
    a = b * c
    a = b / 10
    a = b / c
    a = b % 10
    a = b % c
So you can use combinations of numbers and variables. Note that you can perform multiple operations in the same line:
    a = b + c * 2 / 3
But note that there is no operator precedence; the calculation is simply worked out one step at a time from left to right. For string variables:
    $1 = "Hello"
    $2 = $1
You can get the location of a string variable to use as an array:
    x = & $3
You can get variables from the user with INPUT like this:
    input x
    input $1
### Memory MikeOS and its programs exist in a single 64K memory segment. The first 32K is occupied by the kernel and disk cache. Your BASIC program may be loaded at the start of the second 32K, ie 32768, if it is run directly from the program menu or CLI. However, if it is run from a standalone program such as the EDIT.BIN editor, its starting point will be elsewhere. Use PROGSTART and RAMSTART to find out what memory you can use:
    x = PROGSTART
This assigns to the X variable the location at which the BASIC program was loaded. In other words, this is where the execution of the BASIC program by the interpreter starts. We also have:
    x = RAMSTART
This is one byte on from the end of the BASIC code. Therefore this is empty memory which you can use, up until the 65536 mark. You can LOAD and SAVE files in here, PEEK and POKE around, and do what you want without it impacting the operating system or BASIC program. ### Keywords You can do this to get the MikeOS API version number:
    x = VERSION
Or you can retrieve the lower word of the system clock like this:
    x = TIMER
To get the current ink colour, use:
    x = INK
### The editor You can run your .BAS programs by selecting them from the program menu or typing them into the command line interface -- eg entering example will run EXAMPLE.BAS. Use the MikeOS file manager, FILEMAN.BIN, to make backup copies of your work and delete old files. MikeOS includes a text editor, EDIT.BIN Which you can use to edit your BASIC programs. It lets you run your code straight from inside the editor by pressing the F8 key. Note that if your program has an infinite loop or major bug, it may hang execution -- so it's worth hitting F2 before running your code to save it to the disk. Hit F5 to delete whole lines quickly, and Esc to exit (you'll see a reminder of these keybindings in the bottom bar of the editor). The MikeOS text editor only handles Unix-style text files, and curently does not support horizontal scrolling of lines, so keep them less than 80 chars! You can use the Delete and Backspace keys to erase characters, but note that only Delete can be used to remove newlines. ## Instructions ### ALERT Show a dialog box on the screen with a string, and an OK button triggered by the Enter key. Example:
    alert "File saved correctly."

    $1 = "Welcome to my program"
    alert $1
### ASKFILE Show a dialog box on the screen with a string with a list of files on the disk, and store the selected file in the specified variable. Example:
    askfile $1
### CALL Moves machine code execution to the specified point in RAM (using the x86 call instruction). The code must be terminated with a ret (C3 hex, 195 decimal) instruction. In this example, we simply add a ret instruction into RAM location 40000 and call it, which returns control straight back to the BASIC interpreter:
    poke 195 40000
    call 40000
### CLS Clears the screen and returns the cursor to the top-left corner of the screen. Example:
    cls
### CURSOR Determines whether to show the text cursor or not. Example:
    cursor off
    print "The cursor is off for five seconds!"
    pause 50
    cursor on
    print "And now it's back on."
### CURSCHAR Stores the character underneath the cursor location into the specified variable. Example:
    move 0 0
    print "Hello world"

    move 0 0
    curschar x

    rem *** The next command will print 'H' ***
    print chr x

    move 1 0
    curschar x

    rem *** The next command will print 'e' ***
    print chr x
### CURSCOL Get the colour of the character under the cursor. Example:
    move 20 15
    curscol x
### CURSPOS Get the position of the cursor. Example:
    rem *** First is column, then row ***
    curspos a b
### DELETE Removes a file from the disk. Returns 0 in the R variable if the operation was a success, 1 if the delete operation couldn't be completed, or 2 if the file doesn't exist. Example:
    delete "myfile.txt"
### DO Perform a loop until a condition is met (UNTIL or WHILE). You can also set up an infinite loop with LOOP ENDLESS at the end. Example:
    do
      rem *** Code goes here ***
    loop until x = 10
### END Terminates execution of the BASIC program and hands control back to the operating system. Example:
    end
### FOR Begins a loop, counting upwards using a variable. The loop must be finished with a NEXT instruction and the relevant variable. Example:
    for x = 1 to 10
      print "In a loop! X is " ;
      print x
    next x
### GETKEY Checks the keyboard buffer for a key, and if one has been pressed, places it into the specified variable.
    loop:
      print "Infinite loop until m or Esc is pressed..." ;
      getkey x
      if x = 'm' then goto done
      goto loop

    done:
      print "Finished loop!"
### GOSUB Takes a label. It executes a subroutine, which must be finished with a RETURN instruction. You can nest GOSUB routines up to 10 times. Example:
    print "About to go into a subroutine..."
    gosub mylabel
    print "Subroutine done!"
    end

    mylabel:
      print "Inside a GOSUB here!"
    return
### GOTO Takes a label, and jumps to that label in the code. Example:
    print "Going to miss the next 'PRINT' line of code..."
    goto skippy

    print "This'll never be printed."

    skippy:
    print "And now we're back home"
### IF Executes a command depending on a condition (or multiple conditions with AND). After stating the condition (eg whether one number is bigger than another, or whether two strings match) you must use THEN and follow with another instruction. Examples:
    if x = 10 then print "X is 10! Woohoo"
    if x = y then print "X is the same as Y"
    if x = 'm' then print "X contains the letter m"
    if x < y then print "Now X is less than Y"
    if x > y then goto xbiggerthany
    if $1 = "quit" then end
    if $1 = $2 then gosub stringsmatch
### INCLUDE Appends another BASIC file onto the end of the current one, so that you can call routines in it. RAMSTART is updated accordingly. Example:
    include "mbpp.bas"
### INK Changes the colour of printed text, using a number or variable. Example:
    ink 2
    print "This text is green"
### INPUT Gets input from the user and stores the result into a numeric or string variable. Examples:
    input x
    input $1
### LEN Stores the length of a string variable in a numeric variable. Example:
    $1 = "Hello world"
    len $1 x
### LISTBOX Displays an dialog box containing a list of options, specified by a comma-separated list in the first string. The second and third strings provide help text, and the chosen option (from 1) is stored in the specified variable (or zero if the Esc key is pressed). Example:
    cls

    $1 = "Hex dumper,MikeTron"
    $2 = "Choose a program to run,"
    $3 = "Or press Esc to exit"

    listbox $1 $2 $3 a

    if a = 1 then goto runhex
    if a = 2 then goto runmiketron

    rem *** The following will be executed if Esc was pressed ***
    end
### LOAD Loads the specified file into RAM at the specified point. The first argument is the filename, and the second the location into which it should be loaded. If the file cannot be found or loaded, the R variable contains 1 after the instruction; otherwise it contains 0 and the S variable contains the file size. Examples:
    load "example.txt" 40000
    if r = 1 then goto fail
    print "File size is:"
    print s
    end

    fail:
    print "File couldn't be loaded"
    end
    $1 = "example.txt"
    x = 40000

    load $1 x
    if r = 1 then goto fail
    print "File size is:"
    print s
    end

    fail:
    print "File couldn't be loaded"
    end
### MOVE Moves the cursor position on the screen. Examples:
    move 20 15
    x = 20
    y = 15
    move x y
### NEXT Continues the FOR loop specified previously, and must be followed by a variable. See FOR above. Example:
    next x
### NUMBER Converts strings to numbers and vice versa. Examples:
    number $1 a
    number a $1
### PAUSE Delays execution of the program by the specified 10ths of a second. This ultimately results in a BIOS call and may be slower or faster in some PC emulators. Try it on real hardware to be sure. Example:
    print "Now let's wait for three seconds..."
    pause 30

    print "Hey, and one more, this time with a variable..."
    x = 10
    pause x
### PAGE Switch between working and active (display) pages. Example:
    page 1 0
### PEEK Retrieve the byte stored in the specifed location in RAM. Examples:
    peek a 40000
    print "The number stored in memory location 40000 is..."
    print a
    x = 32768
    peek a x
Note: you can use PEEKINT to work with words instead of bytes (up to 65536). ### POKE Insert the byte (0 to 255) value into the specified location in RAM. Example:
    print "Putting the number 126 into location 40000 in memory..."
    poke 126 40000

    print "Now doing the same, but using variables..."
    x = 126
    y = 40000
    poke x y
Note: you can use POKEINT to work with words instead of bytes (up to 65536). ### PORT Sends and receives bytes from the specified port. Examples:
    x = 1
    port out 1234 x
    port out 1234 15
    port in 1234 x
### PRINT Displays text or the contents of a variable onto the screen. This will also move the cursor onto a new line after printing, unless the command is followed by a space and semi-colon. Example:
    print "Hello, world!"

    $1 = "Some text"
    print $1

    x = 123
    print x

    $2 = "Mike"
    print "No newlines here, " ;
    print $2
Note that for numerical variables, the PRINT command also supports two extra keywords:
    x = 109
    print x
    print chr x
    print hex x
In the first print command, the output is 109. In the second, the output is the ASCII character for 109 -- that is, 'm'. And in the third command, it shows the hexadecimal equivalent of 109. ### RAND Generate a random integer number between two values (inclusive) and store it in a variable. Example:
    rem *** Make X a random number between 50 and 2000 ***

    rand x 50 2000
### READ Read data bytes from a label, first specifying the offset and a variable into which to read. For instance, in the following example we read a small program and poke it into memory locations 50000 to 50012. We then call that location to run the program:
    y = 1

    for x = 50000 to 50012
      read mydata y a
      poke a x
      y = y + 1
    next x

    call 50000

    waitkey x
    end

    mydata:
    190 87 195 232 173 60 195 89 111 33 13 10 0
### REM A remark -- ie a comment that the BASIC interpreter ignores. Example:
    rem *** This routine calculates the cuteness of kittens ***
### RENAME Renames one file to another. Literal strings and string variables are allowed. Afterwards, R contains 0 if the operation was a success, 1 if the file was not found, 2 if the write operation failed, or 3 if the target file already exists. Example:
    $1 = "myfile.dat"
    rename "oldfile.txt" $1
### RETURN Switches execution back to the position of the prior GOSUB statement. See GOSUB above for more information. Example:
    return
### SAVE Saves data from memory to a file on the disk. The first parameter is the filename, the second the location in RAM where the data starts, and the third the number (in bytes) the amount of data to save. After execution, the R variable contains 1 if the file save operation failed (eg if it's a write-only medium), 2 if the file already exists, or 0 if it was successful. Examples:
    save "myfile.txt" 40000 256
    $1 = "myfile.txt"
    x = 40000
    y = 256
    save $1 x y
### SERIAL Turns on serial port 1, sends a byte, or receives a byte depending on the following command. There are two modes: 1200 baud and 9600 baud. Examples:
    print "Enabling the serial port at 1200 baud..."
    serial on 1200
    print "Enabling the serial port at 9600 baud..."
    serial on 9600
    print "Sending the number 20 to the serial port, then 50..."
    x = 20
    serial send x
    serial send 50
    print "Receiving a byte from the serial port..."
    serial rec x
### SIZE Stores the size of the specified file in the S variable and sets R to 0, or sets R to 1 if the file doesn't exist. Example:
    size "kernel.bin"
    print s
### SOUND Generate a note from the PC speaker at the specified frequency, for the specified length of time in 10ths of a second. Example:
    print "Playing a low-middle-ish C for two seconds..."
    sound 4000 20
Note: some quick frequencies. 4000 = C. 3600 = D. 3200 = E. 3000 = F. 2700 = G. 2400 = A. 2100 = B. ### STRING Get or set bytes in a string variable, specified by an offset. Examples:
    $1 = "Hello world"

    rem *** 121 = ASCII for "y" character ***
    b = 121

    string set $1 5 b

    rem *** Now $1 contains "Helly world" ***
    print $1
### WAITKEY Pauses program execution, awaiting a keypress, and stores the key in the specified variable. Note some special values: 1 for the Up cursor key; 2 for Down; 3 for Left; 4 for Right; 13 for Enter; 27 for Esc.
    waitkey x
    if x = 'm' then print "m was pressed"
    if x = 4 then print "You hit the Right cursor key"
## Samples ### Hex dumper Asks for a filename, loads the file data into the start of empty RAM, then loops over it, printing the value of each byte in hexadecimal format. Note that the S variable is filled with the file size after the LOAD instruction, so we use it as a counter (counting down) to find out when we've finished the file.
    rem *** Hex dumper ***

    print "Enter a filename:"
    input $1

    x = RAMSTART

    load $1 x
    if r = 1 then goto error

    loop:
      peek a x
      print hex a ;
      print "  " ;
      x = x + 1
      s = s - 1
      if s = 0 then goto finish
      goto loop

    finish:
    print ""
    end

    error:
    print "Could not load file!"
    end
### MikeTron A one-player version of the classic Tron game -- see the game help text below...
    rem *** MikeTron ***

    cls

    print "You control a vehicle leaving a trail behind it."
    print ""
    print "It is always moving, and if it crosses any part"
    print "of the trail or border (+ characters), the game"
    print "is over. Use the Q and A keys to change the direction"
    print "to up and down, and O and P for left and right."
    print "See how long you can survive! Score at the end."
    print ""
    print "NOTE: May run at incorrect speed in emulators!"
    print ""
    print "Hit a key to begin..."

    waitkey x

    cls
    cursor off

    rem *** Draw border around screen ***

    gosub setupscreen

    rem *** Start in the middle of the screen ***

    x = 40
    y = 12

    move x y

    rem *** Movement directions: 1 - 4 = up, down, left, right ***
    rem *** We start the game moving right ***

    d = 4

    rem *** S = score variable ***

    s = 0

    mainloop:
      print "+" ;

      pause 1

      getkey k

      if k = 'q' then d = 1
      if k = 'a' then d = 2
      if k = 'o' then d = 3
      if k = 'p' then d = 4

      if d = 1 then y = y - 1
      if d = 2 then y = y + 1
      if d = 3 then x = x - 1
      if d = 4 then x = x + 1

      move x y

      curschar c
      if c = '+' then goto finish

      s = s + 1
      goto mainloop

    finish:
    cursor on
    cls

    print "Your score was: " ;
    print s
    print "Press Esc to finish"

    escloop:
      waitkey x
      if x = 27 then end
      goto escloop

    setupscreen:
      move 0 0
      for x = 0 to 78
        print "+" ;
      next x

      move 0 24
      for x = 0 to 78
        print "+" ;
      next x

      move 0 0
      for y = 0 to 24
        move 0 y
        print "+" ;
      next y

      move 78 0
      for y = 0 to 24
        move 78 y
        print "+" ;
      next y

      return
### File uppercaser Asks for a filename, loads the file data, converts all the lowercase characters to uppercase, asks for a new filename, and saves the changed data to that new file. Note that the S variable is filled with the file size after the LOAD instruction; we save that until the SAVE operation later so that we save the correct number of bytes. However, we make a copy of it into the C variable to use as a counter as we move through the file.
    rem *** Text file uppercaser ***

    print "Enter a filename:"
    input $1

    x = RAMSTART

    load $1 x
    if r = 1 then goto error

    c = s

    loop:
      peek a x

      if a < 97 then goto skip
      if a > 122 then goto skip

      a = a - 32
      poke a x

    skip:
      x = x + 1
      c = c - 1

      if c = 0 then goto finish
      goto loop

    finish:
    print "Enter filename to save to:"
    input $2

    x = RAMSTART

    save $2 x s
    if r = 1 then goto error
    print "File uppercased and saved!"
    end

    error:
    print "File error!"
    end
## Extra ### Help If you have any questions about MikeOS, or you're developing a similar OS and want to share code and ideas, go to the MikeOS website and join the mailing list as described. You can then email mikeos-developer@lists.berlios.de to post to the list. ### License MikeOS is open source and released under a BSD-like license (see doc/LICENSE.TXT in the MikeOS .zip file). Essentially, it means you can do anything you like with the code, including basing your own project on it, providing you retain the license file and give credit to the MikeOS developers for their work.